France’s data protection authority, the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés, published guidance on the use of alternatives to third-party cookies and ensuring they are “compliant with the data protection legal framework.” The CNIL overviews first-party cookies and fingerprinting, single sign-on systems, unique identifiers and cohort-based advertising targeting. “The CNIL reminds that the development of alternative to third-party cookies must not be made at the expense of the Internet user’s right to protection of their personal data and privacy,” the guidance states.